Figure 1   Picea abies in the Growth Cabinet

Notice inflow of fresh solution and aeration from the top with exit of "old" solution from the side of culture vessels. Old solution is continuously piped out of the cabinet. See Figure 2 for info on piping of fresh solutions into the cabinet.

Figure 2   Set up of Continuous Flow System

A Peristaltic pump is used to refresh solutions in culture vessels. Solutions are refreshed at a known rate.

Figure 3   P. abies Sand Culture

Seedlings will be treated with Al and Si in a more complex environment and for longer periods than in hydroponic experiments.

Figure 4   P. abies embryos

P. abies embryos have been generated and will be treated with Al and Si in solution culture.

Figure 5   P. abies Embryos Treated with a Flourescent Al Assay

- Al                                                            + Al